Förövare av våld i nära relationer
Kopplingen mellan våldsutövande och maskulinitetsnormer har lyfts både i forskning, av globala aktörer som FN och bland praktiker som på olika sätt arbetar med att förebygga våld. Ett viktigt begrepp inom maskulinitetsforskningen är teorin om hegemonisk maskulinitet, där en viss typ av maskulinitet görs till norm och ideal. Våld kan vara ett centralt inslag i hegemonisk maskulinitet. Att som man utöva olika former av våld kan vara ett sätt att öka sin status bland män.
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Teorin om hegemonisk maskulinitet har framför allt använts för att förklara mäns våld mot andra män. Men den kan också användas för att öka förståelsen kring mäns utövande av våld mot kvinnor. Det kan till exempel handla om att män genom våld och hot mot kvinnor kan trygga den hegemoniska, överordnade positionen.
https://www.uu.se/centrum/nck/kunskapsbank-om-vald/fakta-och-forskning-om-vald/forovare-av-vald-i-nara-relationerTYSTNADENS PRIS
Kartläggning av mäns utsatthet för våld i nära relationer
Tillsammans kan vi motverka skadliga maskulinitetsnormer så att pojkar och män lär sig att sätta ord på känslor, vågar visa sig sårbara och berätta om sin våldsutsatthet. På så sätt kan de få det stöd och skydd de är i behov av och har rätt till.
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Globalt och i vårt samhälle finns en kulturellt idealiserad bild av vad manlighet är och bör vara, den så kallade hegemoniska maskuliniteten13 som för många män är eftersträvansvärd.
Den hegemoniska maskuliniteten beskrivs i sociologiska studier som viktig för män, oavsett om de uppfyller den eller inte. De män som utövar våld är en liten grupp och representerar inte alla män, men kopplingen mellan våld och skadliga maskulinitetsnormer är viktig att förstå för att på bästa sätt förebygga våldet. Mäns erfarenhet av att utsättas för våld i nära relationer bör ses i ljuset av de patriarkala strukturer som finns i vårt samhälle. Kvinnors våld mot män, som främst är psykiskt, kan bidra till att reproducera hierarkin män emellan.14
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Uppdrag till Socialstyrelsen:
* Ta fram ändamålsenliga utbildningar riktade till verksamheter inom socialtjänst som möter våldsutsatta män och kvinnor, liksom våldsutövare. Utbildningarna ska innehålla fördjupad kunskap om området mäns våld mot kvinnor och bygga på en förståelse om att våldet är ett uttryck för strukturell ojämställdhet
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jamstalldhetsmyndigheten.se/media/ggolfjht/rapport-2025-19-mans-utsatthet-f%C3%B6r-vald-2025-09-26.pdf
Marxist cultural analysis
The original theory behind this form of analysis is commonly associated with
Georg Lukács,
Antonio Gramsci, and the
Frankfurt School. It represents an important current within
Western Marxism, observing that societies maintain cohesion and stability by reproducing a dominant culture.
[5] Marxist cultural analysis has commonly considered the industrialization, mass-production, and mechanical reproduction of culture by the "
culture industry" as having an overall negative effect on society, an effect which
reifies the self-conception of the individual.
[2][6]
[..,]
The tradition of Marxist cultural analysis has also been referred to as "cultural Marxism" and "Marxist cultural theory", in reference to Marxist ideas about culture.
[7][8][9][10][11][12] However, since the 1990s, the term "Cultural Marxism" has largely referred to the
Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, a conspiracy theory popular among the
far right without any clear relationship to Marxist cultural analysis.
[9]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysisWhat Is Hegemonic Masculinity?
Hegemony and masculinity
Twenty years ago, Patricia Sexton suggested that "male norms stress values such as courage, inner direction, certain forms of aggression, autonomy. mastery, technological skill, group solidarity, adventure and considerable amounts of toughness in mind and body." (7) It is only relatively recently that social scientists have sought to link that insight with the concept of hegemony, a notion as slippery and difficult as the idea of masculinity itself.
Hegemony, a pivotal concept in Gramsci's Prison Notebooks and his most significant contribution to Marxist thinking, is about the winning and holding of power and the formation (and destruction) of social groups in that process. In this sense, it is importantly about the ways in which the ruling class establishes and maintains its domination. The ability to impose a definition of the situation, to set the terms in which events are understood and issues discussed, to formulate ideals and define morality is an essential part of this process. Hegemony involves persuasion of the greater part of the population, particularly through the media, and the organization of social institutions in ways that appear "natural," "ordinary:' "normal." The state, through punishment for non-conformity, is crucially involved in this negotiation and enforcement.(8)
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More than fifty books have appeared in the English language in the last decade or so on men and masculinity. What is hegemonic masculinity as it is presented in this growing literature? Hegemonic masculinity, particularly as it appears in the works of Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. Chapman, Cockburn, Connell, Lichterman, Messner, and Rutherford, involves a specific strategy for the subordination of women. In their view, hegemonic masculinity concerns the dread of and the flight from women. A culturally idealized form, it is both a personal and a collective project, and is the common sense about breadwinning and man- hood. It is exclusive, anxiety-provoking, internally and hierarchically differentiated, brutal, and violent. It is pseudo-natural, tough, contradictory, crisis-prone, rich, and socially sustained. While centrally connected with the institutions of male dominance, not all men practice it. though most benefit from it. Although cross-class. it often excludes working-class and black men. It is a lived experience, and an economic and cultural force, and dependent on social arrangements. It is constructed through difficult negotiation over a life-time. Fragile it may be, but it constructs the most dangerous things we live with. Resilient, it incorporates its own critiques, but it is, nonetheless, "unravelling." (10)
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Hegemonic masculinity is "a question of how particular groups of men inhabit positions of power and wealth, and how they legitimate and reproduce the social relationships that generate their dominance." (45)
Through hegemonic masculinity most men benefit from the control of women. For a very few men, it delivers control of other men. To put it another way, the crucial difference between hegemonic masculinity and other masculinities is not the control of women, but the control of men and the representation of this as "universal social advancement," to paraphrase Gramsci. Patriarchal capitalism delivers the sense, before a man of whatever masculinity even climbs out of bed in the morning, that he is "better" than half of humankind. But what is the nature of the masculinity confirming not only that, but also delivering power over most men as well? And what are its attractions? A sociology of ruling-class men is long overdue
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