Pojkars mobbning mot fickor liknar sexuella trakasserier
Nancy Guerra och hennes medarbetare har också undersökt mobbning och diskriminering. I artikeln Understanding Bullying and Victimization during Childhood and Adolescence redovisar de hur aggression och ålder samspelar med mobbning.13 De menar att när tonårspojkar utsätter tonårsfickor för kränkningar kan det få mer sexuella anstrykningar och liknar snarare sexuella trakasserier. En del ungdomar menade att mobbning var kul och underhållande och att mobbning kunde relateras till sexualitet. Enligt forskarna kunde både popularitet och sexualitet kopplas till mobbning, om än på olika sätt när det gäller kön. Pojkar uppfattades vara dominerande och sågs också uppgradera sin status som populära killar genom att de kunde demonstrera sina krafter mot andra killar. De förringade också fickors status genom att benämna dem slampor och informera om deras sexuella önskemål på toaletter, i telefoner och på internet. De fickor som var föremål för denna uppmärksamhet från pojkarnas sida var de fickor som de egentligen tyckte om.
Flickors mobbning stärker deras sexuella attraktion
Enligt forskarna var däremot mobbning och kränkningar ett sätt för fickor att stärka sin egen sexuella och fysiska attraktion genom att begränsa motståndarnas möjligheter. Det skedde genom ryktesspridning, skvaller och uteslutande på offentliga platser, via telefoner och internet. Så förutom att fickor var mer vana vid att kränka mer indirekt och socialt hade dessa handlingar ytterligare ett syfte. Det primära syftet var att stärka fickornas sexuella status och därigenom också tillgången till de mest attraktiva pojkarna. Att vinna social status genom att stärka sin position som sexualobjekt stämmer också överens med vedertagna genusteorier. Ofta är målen för dessa handlingar desamma för pojkar och fickor, även om medlen för att nå målen kan variera. Studien beskriver däremot inte om detta är ett heterosexuellt spel enbart bland heterosexuella eller om det är så att alla fickor och pojkar "tvingas" ingå i ett heterosexuellt spel för att vinna status i klassen
www.skolverket.se/download/18.1d7693d81684bec9282e6d/1548919325566/Flickor-pojkar-krankningar.pdf(PDF) Boys, Bullying, and Gender Roles: How Hegemonic Masculinity Shapes Bullying Behavior
Bullying inSchools
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Involvement in bullying is not uniform, particularly comparing girls and boys. Overwhelmingly, males are perceived as being more aggressive than females [27], and therefore are more often the targets and perpetrators of bullying [24, 56]. Boys are also more likely to use direct (physical) bullying [29, 56], which includes hitting, kicking, choking, spitting, or hair pulling [70]. Indirect bullying, including name calling, starting rumors and other forms of psychological bullying, while used by boys, is more often used by girls [24, 27, 29, 57, 70]. In addition to girls and boys using di?erent types of bullying, their gender in?u- ences why they are victimized.
www.researchgate.net/publication/328390783_Boys_Bullying_and_Gender_Roles_How_Hegemonic_Masculinity_Shapes_Bullying_Behavior
(PDF) Gender, Bullying Victimization, and Education
Bullying Victimization
Typically, bullying victimization is defined as a systematic and reoccurring type of aggres- sion by more powerful peers toward a weaker individual (Espelage & Swearer, 2010; Hong & Espelage, 2012; Olweus, 1993). The research emphasizes two broad categories of bullying victimization: direct and indirect. Direct bullying victimization is physical aggression and harassment, such as hitting, pushing, kicking, and the destruction of property (Espelage & Swearer, 2010; Hong & Espelage, 2012; Olweus, 1993).
Indirect bullying victimization is described as verbal aggression, gossiping, manipulation, and social isolation of the victim, which is intended to damage the victim?s social status and self-esteem (Dukes et al., 2010; Klein, 2012; Swearer, 2008). Studies also reveal that gender plays a significant role in the type of bullying victimization a student experi- ences. Girls are more likely to experience indirect forms, whereas boys are more likely to experience direct forms of bullying victimization (Dukes et al., 2010; Finkelhor, 2008; Popp & Peguero, 2011); on the other hand, there are findings indicating that girls are increasingly getting into physical forms of bullying (Espelage & Swearer, 2003; Klein, 2012; Swearer, 2008)
The consequences of bullying victimization tend to be serious, negative, and long- lasting regardless of type of bullying. Bullying victimizations have commonly been associ- ated with psychological and behavioral problems (Espelage & Swearer, 2010; Finkelhor, 2008). In addition, research also finds that girls experience greater psychological distress than boys as a result of experiencing indirect bullying, which may be caused by the height- ened importance girls place on the social group (Faris & Felmlee, 2011; Klein, 2012; Young, Boye, & Nelson, 2006).
www.researchgate.net/publication/266742972_Gender_Bullying_Victimization_and_Education
(PDF) The Involvement of Girls and Boys with Bullying: An Analysis of Gender Differences
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The scientific literature provides results in this direction, emphasizing issues of gender in analyses of school bullying. Research on bullying suggests that boys are more prone to be both bullies and victims of bullying, especially in its physical expression, since girls are more likely to engage in situations of indirect bullying, such as teasing or gossip about peers
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In a recent study using a representative sample of 1,500 Spanish students enrolled in compulsory secondary school during the 2007?2008 academic year, it was revealed that concerning bullies, boys are involved in all kinds of bullying incidents to a significantly higher degree than are girls, except in cases of indirect manifestation of the phenomenon (such as speaking ill of someone, for example) in which girls are significantly more associated with than are boys. For victims, too, the boys experience direct experiences of bullying, such as physical aggression, and girls are more involved in situations of indirect violence, such as malicious gossip
www.researchgate.net/publication/259247829_The_Involvement_of_Girls_and_Boys_with_Bullying_An_Analysis_of_Gender_Differences
(PDF) GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BULLYING AND VICTIMIZATION AMONG EARLY ADOLESCENTS IN JORDAN
In a study by Pateraki and Houndoumadi (2001), who examined differences in prevalence rates of bullying among Greek children of ages between 8 and 12 years, they found that 14.7% of the participants were victims, 6.3% were bullies, prevalence of bullying was among males higher than females, physical bullying was more prevalent among males, and indirect bullying was more prevalent among females.
www.researchgate.net/publication/321779392_GENDER_DIFFERENCES_IN_BULLYING_AND_VICTIMIZATION_AMONG_EARLY_ADOLESCENTS_IN_JORDAN